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Muhammad Ali

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This article trades from the boxer Muhammad Ali. For information to the Egyptian ruler of the same name see Muhammad Ali Pascha, to the jazz drummer of the same name see Muhammad Ali (drummer), to the Pakistani actor see Mohammad Ali. Besides there is a politician with the same name like Muhammad Alis Geburtsname; for information moreover see Cassius Marcellus Clay.
Muhammad Ali

Data
Birth name Cassius Marcellus Clay
Fight name (n) The Greatest
Weight class Heavyweight
Nationality US-American
Birthday 17th of January IN 1942
Birthplace Louisville
Day of death
Death place
Style Link display
Size 1.90 m
Reach
Fight statistics
Fights 61
Victories 56
K. o. victories 37
Defeats 5
Undecided
No evaluation

Muhammad Ali (* 17th of January IN 1942 in Louisville, Kentucky as a Cassius Marcellus Clay Jr.) is former US-American Boxer. He is looked as one of the biggest heavy-weight boxers of all times and is valid as a prominent athlete of the 20th century. In 1999 he was chosen by the international Olympic committee to the „sportsman of the century“. [1] Also beyond the boxing ring Ali provided for headlines. Thus he rejected publicly the Vietnam war and supported the emancipation movement of the Afro-Americans in the 60s. Internationally he was known above all by provoking statements and extremely self-confident behaviour within and beyond the boxing ring.

Table of contents

Childhood and the first contact with the boxing

Clay was born in 1942 as first by two sons and grew up in miserable relations. His parents named her son after the politician and opponent Slavery Cassius Marcellus Clay. 12-year-old Clay began with the box training in 1954 from fury about the theft of his bicycle – he hoped to be able to punish thereby the thief if he got him. [1] at the age of 16 years Clay left the school with bad marks and concentrated upon his box training.

Career

Career beginning

Within less years Clay could gain all national amateur titles. In the Olympic games 1960 he won in Rome the Olympic gold medal in the light heavy-weight. Often it is said that Clay, from frustration about the discrimination stopping nevertheless has thrown in his hometown, the gold medal in Ohio flowing by Louisville River. However, he has betrayed of late friends that he had simply moved this. [2] Still in the same year became Cassius Clay Profi.

Clay found out that a Wrestler called Gorgeous George achieved a bigger sensation with press and spectators than a modest appearing promising boxer like he. As a result Clay copied the style of George and delivered to the press from now on always new material in the form of mockery rhymes about his opponents, predictions about the round of his KO victory („Archie Moore wants Be on the floor in round four“, „Archie Moore will lie in the fourth round on the ground“) and other statements. Clay became [3] with this provoking carried to the show the self-confidence quickly famous. Because Clays predictions about the exit often applied and the opponents really went down in the predicted rounds, he was suspected of the deception. However, such suspicions never found any confirmation.

Rise and the first world championship (1964)

Muhammad Ali in 1967

In February of 1964 Clay got the chance of a world championship against Sonny Liston, after he had defeated before Doug Jones controversially after points and Henry Cooper by KO. Many journalists did not like Clays self-confident kind and prophesied to him a defeat against Liston, thus also Arthur Daley of the New York Times: "The irritatingly confident Cassius enters this bout with one trifling handicap. He can't fight as well as he can talk." („of The Cassius self-confident in tiresome manner denies this title fight with only one unimportant disadvantage. He can fight not so well as he can talk.“). [4]

Nevertheless, won with seven to One Clay sedate as an outsider after well-balanced fight course by - supposedly injury-conditioned - job of his opponent after the sixth round. In tumult-like scenes Clay roared "I shook up the world!" and „I in the greatest after the victory over and over again!“ in the microphones. The pictures of him with far torn open mouth and eyes went around the world.

In the other course of the year Clay made his membership in the nation of Islam public and chose Muhammad Ali as names. From 1975 he confessed to sunnitischen Islam. [5]

The back fight against Liston

In the back fight on the 25th of May, 1965 in Lewiston, Maine Liston was floored by Ali already in the 1st round after only 105 seconds of fight of the so-called "phantom blow" ("Phantom Punch", also as "Anchor Punch" known), to a short, hard, right cross in temple or pine, [6] he had been seen neither by Liston nor by large parts of the audience. As a result Ali shouted the Liston lying on the ground with the words "Get up, you bum!" („come up, you tramp!“ ) in a fury in and the referee, the former world champion Jersey Joe Walcott who was demanded too much with the situation obviously counted out first neither in nor, because he tried to push aside and loud Ali furiously standing with Liston of this. Then the fight was released first again, nevertheless, was finished immediately on it when Nat Fleischer, the founder of the ring of magazine, Walcott to the fact pointed out that Liston had been quite clearly more than 10 seconds on the ground.

Occasion gave in the group with Listons of ostensible Unbesiegbarkeit and his dubious contacts with the mafia to "Phantom Punch" only seen by few spectators often for speculations about a possible deception. On the other hand, these were doubted because of the evident hostility between both boxers. Thus Liston had explained before the first fight, on the provocations Clays appealed, that he has the intention to kill Clay. Also in his autobiography Ali turned against every such interpretation and explained explicitly:

„Fact is that still a fight was never arranged less than this.“

– Muhammad Ali: The biggest. My history. See 123.

Film and photo admissions proved afterwards unambiguously that Liston had really been met by Ali. However, unclearly remained, how hard. Clearly the relaxed musculature is to be seen by Listons body during the fall which lets suppose an unconsciousness at that time. However, Liston explained later that, nevertheless, he was not unconscious of the blow Alis though in amazement and did not get up only because of that immediately again, because he feared, from directly about him (instead of being met once more in the neutral corner) standing Ali. Also he has waited in vain for the Anzählen of the Referees.

At the moment when Ali stands furiously and loud about the recumbent Liston, there originated one of the best known photos of Ali, shot by Neil Leifer. [7)] Dies's photo (actually, a colour picture, but as a black and white picture become famous), his biographer David Remnick called later Ali wild and nice (…), maybe (…) the most lasting picture Alis in the fight generally „.“ [6]

Career climax and title loss (1967)

In the middle of the 60s Ali was at the height of his career. He met the Beatles and Elvis Presley and defended his title, among the rest, against ex-world champions Floyd Patterson and then in the Frankfurt forest stadium against the German European champion Karl Mildenberger (Mildenberger posed to him some problems, he came till the 12th round, said whereupon Ali in the connection never again to box against Mildenberger), further against George Chuvalo, Henry Cooper, Brian London, Cleveland of William, Ernie Terrell and Zora Folley.

Ali was extremely agile, in addition he often provoked the opponents, while he hung the hands beside the hips instead of coinciding. Nevertheless, his legs were so quick and the hip were so movable that he was able to do almost every blow auspendeln. Really he hardly got hit to the head, flirted with his appearance and boasted that he is after „many fights still as nicely as a girl“. With rapid dancer's broads Beinkombination called "Ali Shuffle" he amazed opponent and audience. Now and then he can be hit ostentatiously several times one after the other in the well-trained side of the body, without these recognizable effects pointed – apart from the fact that the opponent was demoralised. [4]

In April, 1967 Ali of the titles was deprived, after he had refused to start the military service. As decisive for his decision he called on the one hand his faith, however, appealed on the other hand also to the question of the missing equal rights of the Afro-Americans („No, I will not help 10,000 miles from home remotely to murder another poor nation and to burn down to help to protect only around the supremacy white slave man about the darker people of the world. [8]“. The known quotation „No Vietcong called me one day nigger.“ nevertheless, it was wrong ascribed to him. Ali was condemned for the refusal to five years of prison and 10,000 US dollars of punishment, however, remained against security at large. Later the judgment was lifted, but he received no more box licence. His passport was taken away from him and it had to remain three years inactive. In this time he appeared a lot on television and expressed himself there to society-political questions. Financial problems appeared which he could bridge only thanks to the fees for TV appearances and speeches in public facilities, as for example universities.

Comeback (in 1970-1974)

Only in 1970 Ali might rise again in the ring. After victories in two construction fights he put to himself Joe Frazier, to the undefeated world champion in general approved in the meantime. Because therefore for the first time in the history of the boxing two unhit heavy-weight world champions were confronted, the fight was soon called "Fight of the Century" (boxing match of the century) and also was marketed accordingly. The interest in it was immense and stretched beyond the circle of the boxing fans, because Ali with his partial provoking appearance, his engagement had become the Afro-American a symbol of the American counter-culture against the Vietnam war and his entry for the emancipation, protecting Frazier by parts of the "silent majority" of the American white as a "good black" was looked and, therefore, was mocked by Ali as an "uncle Tom". This released with Frazier a deep, after the fight going bitterness.

Sportily the fight, on the 8th of March, 1971 in New York Madison Square became guards sattfand, to the high expectations fair. Though Ali could attach more blows in the early stage and profit Fraziers, besides, from his bigger reach as well as the famously slow start, nevertheless, with increasing fight duration hardened the impression that Fraziers to blows achieved the bigger effect, above all if he succeeded in nailing Ali in the ropes what more and more often happened. In the 11th round Ali seemed near a precipitation, although he tried to cover up this by Clownereien. From there in Frazier developed - although also hard drawn - his point projection so far that Ali would have needed a KO to the victory in the 15th round. Instead, he himself had to do after a left hook Fraziers to ground. Though he could escape for the time, nevertheless, in the unequivocal point victory Frazies no more doubt could exist at the latest from this time.

Now Ali was made begin at the beginning again and earn the right on a new world championship fight, while he hit all the other potential opponents of the world champion. Besides, after 10 victories as a result of he had to accept in March, 1973 in the fight against Ken Norton the second point defeat. He suffered even a pine break as turned out afterwards.

But Ali fought on, in particular in and with the media, while he developed his from former times known Sprücheklopferei almost to the psychological warfare. Thus he and his responsible person Drew "Bundini" called Brown before fights together the election slogan "Float like a butterfly, sting like a bee" („Floats like a butterfly, sting like a bee“) which made clear former fight style to Alis.

Still in September, 1973 it came to the revenge between Ali and Norton. Also this time Norton very aggressively and prepared Ali up to the end fought huge difficulties. However, Ali succeeded in the last both rounds to tiredly become Norton in adding specific legal link combinations. In a wafer-thin and argumentative Split Decision two three judges decided in favour of from Ali.

In spring, 1974 Ali won the important back fight against Joe Frazier dethroned in the meantime. This time the judges were right scarcely, however, unanimously for Ali. Though the fight did not have by far the class of that of 1971, however, he made the way freely for the challenge of the acting world champion Foreman.

"Rumble in the Jungle" (1974)

See also: Main article Rumble in the Jungle

George Foreman, the heavy-weight Olympic champion of 1968, was unhit in 40 professional fights and had defeated most of his opponents - including Frazier and Norton - within less rounds by KO. As 10 years ago against Liston Ali of the outsiders, this time, besides, at the age of 32 years was the old person. In general it was expected that Alis Karriere would be finished by a quick and clear KO. Leading American sports journalists saw no chance for Ali to deny this fight successfully. On some transmitters resignation contributions were even already emitted for the probably best known boxer of all times.

The fight was for the autumn, 1974 in Kinshasa (Zaire, today: Democratic Republic of the Congo) been attached and was called so-called "Rumble in the Jungle". He was organised by the black box-proengine Don King. He was financed mainly from Dictator Mobutu Sese Seko which used the fight as an advertising measure for Zaire as well as Africa. The fight had to be shifted because of an injury Foremans about one month and all partners remained in the country. While Foreman made itself with the inhabitants unpopular one, while he appeared with a German sheepherd what reminded the local population of unpleasant incidents from the Belgian colonial age, Ali abstracted the inhabitants by contact happiness and charisma. These fired him everywhere if they saw him, e.g., with the running on the streets, with the battle-cry „Ali, boma ye!“ („Ali, kills him!“) in.

Besides, Ali had time for the psychological little plays with which he challenged Foreman and the public to statements by the break. The announcement Alis was legendary to fly again „like a butterfly and to sting like a bee“. In various press conferences the ex-champion announced as he would destroy his opponent by quickness and intelligence.

In the fight which took place, finally, on the 30th of October Ali Gegner and audience, as well as his own trainers and responsible persons, by his tactics surprised. In the first two rounds Ali hit 12 times with the right hand in the form of a "Crosses" to the head of his younger opponent. This is valid as a very risky and almost haughty kind to attack an opponent in the boxing ring, because one has no cover on right facial half by the implementation of this blow. Angelo Dundee (Alis Trainer) interpreted the action from that point of view, that to finish Ali tried the fight in the first two rounds prematurely. In two first breaks, while he sat in the corner or stood, became conscious by him obviously that he cannot defeat this physically überlegenen opponent under normal circumstances. Contemporary witnesses want to have recognised even fear in his look when he more often allowed to wander these more than approx. 100,000 spectators.

Hence, he changed intuitively his tactics: Instead of trying – how earlier – by quickness and fleet-footed evasive actions, letting go hard blows of his opponent in the emptiness, now he can be pushed from Foreman at first voluntarily in the ropes and leant, besides, with the upper part of the body still far to the back. With it his head was a reach and the Thorax almost always outside from Foremans he protected by permanent double cover with his forearms. Besides, the relatively laxly tense ropes cushioned the force of the blows, in addition – today this tactics is as a „rope a dopes“ famously. While „Big of George“ hit furiously on him, Ali spoke perpetually with him and provoked him audible with sentences such as „is all that, George? I have expected more! Is all that what you have on it?“

In the lulls in the fighting it was tried on arrangement of the arbitration board to stretch the ropes, however, Ali continued his tactics unflustered, although his trainer called to him constantly, he has to go absolutely away from the ropes. Nevertheless, Ali searched Foremans nearness and goaded him verbally furthermore. Foreman, at that time still young and vehemently, accepted the permanent provocation and hit pitilessly on Alis Körper without achieving, nevertheless, a determining effect hit. Ali clinched rather often and made way otherwise of a huge number of blows to the head by Meidbewegungen. Beside him Alis prominent fitness took effect, because he put away body hit seemingly unimpressed.

Foreman soon diminished konditionell and Ali could sit down from the cover with countering now better and better in scene. Possibly from the 4th round he started to attack – shortly before still „in the ropes recumbent“ – increasingly with exact and quick combinations his opponent. As Pointing the way for the fight course a hit (middle round 5) is valid on the part of Alis - typically a right cross to the head Formans - which left unambiguously effect with his opponents. Up to the eighth round Ali pursued his tactics to himself up to the round middle in the ropes to lean around at the end of the rounds there his exact and fast hit combinations anzusetzten which left more and more effect with Foreman (physically and above all psychically). End of the 8th round knocked down Ali then with two quick link right combinations and a total of nine head hits following on each other Foreman; the last and victory-bringing blow met this in the right temple. Foreman reeled, turned half of it on his own axis, and while he sank to ground, the twitching fists Alis showed, that this obviously well-thought-out to land one more head hit to the security from what he omitted, however. His trainer Angelo Dundee said during a later interview once that „Ali leaves to the case of this colossus with the omitted blow his dramaturgical beauty“. Foreman was counted out and Ali was a world champion again. [9]

Ali had won back the title of which one had deprived him seven years before, in the end, for political reasons and broke with it as the second heavy-weight professional after Floyd Patterson the unwritten law of the boxing "They never come back"!

Title defences

Alis the first title defence took place against Chuck Wepner relatively unknown to date. Wepner held out up to the 15th round, however, lost by technical KO. The fight served late Sylvester Stallone, the Wepner visited later in the prison, as an inspiration for the film Rocky. [10]

After Ali against Ron Lyle and Joe Bugner could defend his world champion's title, the third fight took place on the 1st of October, 1975 against Joe Frazier in Manila (Philippines) who was called in support of "Rumble in the Jungle" „Thrilla in Manila“ and is valid till this day as one of the best heavy-weight fights. The discussion controlled with big intensity took a dramatic course, because Ali had to leave the field after at first clear superiority Frazier increasingly, before he still, nevertheless, succeeded in getting the upper hand in the last rounds once more. Fraziers trainer Eddie Futch allowed to break off the fight after the 14th round, because Fraziers eyes were at that time almost completely zugeschwollen. Besides, Frazier suffered from a Linseneintrübung, a not known fact till then. Shortly after the demolition of the fight which was delivered in a morning (because of the optimum - evening - TV transmitting time in the USA) with 40 ° Celsius of heat Ali suffered a circulatory breakdown. Neither he nor Frazier could connect later ever again to the achievement level shown in this fight.

A show fight on the 26th of June, 1976 in Japan against the Japanese Wrestler Antonio Inoki turned out for Ali disgraceful, because Inoki had lain down a strategy for the fight rightly against which Ali found no antidote. Inoki from the ground denied almost the whole fight to offer to Ali no attack region, and concentrated alone to step after him. After few rounds the first bloody tracks appeared in Alis Beinen. After 15 rounds the fight ended with a "draw" favorable for Ali, because Inoki were drawn off because of three fouls three points. The show fight was organised by Bob Arum. Ali received an exceptionally high fee from 6 million dollars, Inoki only 4 million dollars. Ali of the titles the boxer of the year was not awarded to [11] ways of the unworthy image for 1976 who had been lent him before four spots (in 1963, in 1972, in 1974, in 1975). [12]

In 1976 Ali won first against Jean-Pierre Coopman, Jimmy Young and Richard Dunn. On the 20th of September, 1976 Ali lined up against Ken Norton who posed to him big problems and won the fight in the opinion of most journalists; nevertheless, the judges voted unanimously for Ali. However, for experts was evident that his boxer's broad qualities had clearly decreased. The television broadcast of the fight occurred in Germany through the ZDF and reached ratings from 34 percent (ZDF yearbook 1976).

After two title defences in 1977 against Earnie Shavers and Alfredo Evangelista, Ali boxed on the 15th of February, 1978 against Leon Spinks who was though an Olympic champion of 1976 in the light heavy-weight, but had denied only seven fights as a professional and, besides, had achieved six victories and a draw. Ali did not take seriously Spinks and rose uncoached and with overweight in the ring; his unknown opponent took his both titles from him absolutely unexpectedly.

Although the WBC demanded first a fight against Ken Norton, lasted Spinks Ali a direct back fight for the title of the WBA. Exactly seven months later, on the 15th of September, 1978, Ali better coached now won a third and the last time a world championship title and broke with it Floyd Patterson's record. He boxed clearly better than in the first fight, this time above all, however, Spinks was on his part absolutely uncoached one, which is why his trainer George Benton left the hall during the fight.

After this victory 36-year-old Ali withdrew from the boxing. At that time his language had already become indistinct because of his Parkinson illness.

Career end

In autumn, 1980 Ali tried to become for the fourth time a world champion, this time against his former sparring partner of Larry Holmes. The promoter was Don King. Ali absolutely had no chance, could attach no effect hit and was preserved only by the evident restraint of his opponent before a precipitation. After ten rounds Alis Trainer finished the fight by which this had to accept his first and only untimely defeat. Because he wanted to finish his career not in this manner, one did not allow to punch him in the USA, nevertheless, any more, his last fight took place against Trevor Berbick on the 11th of December, 1981 than „drama on the Bahamas“. Ali was drawn at that time already by his illness and lost clearly after points, although at rare moments still rests of his former boxer's broads of skill flashed.

Live

Alis Karriere allowed to him to undertake a trip through Egypt, Nigeria and Ghana in May, 1964 and to meet politician like Kwame Nkrumah there also.

In 1964 Ali was classified by the US army as for the military service incompetently. Nevertheless, this classification was revised later and Ali would have had to start the military service which would have led him probably in the Vietnam war. However, Ali rejected the service in the weapon what was valid in the USA as a criminal offence, because there was not the right of the military service refusal in the United States. As a result he was booked by denial of his box licence with a fight ban on the USA.

Confession of Islam

After the fight against Liston in 1964 Clay also confessed publicly to the „nation of Islam“. The group is a religious, afroamerikanische organisation which was led in the 1950th and the early 1960s by Elijah Muhammad and Malcolm X. Cassius Clay filed his "slave name" as he said, and if Ali was called from now on Muhammad. At the beginning Muhammad Ali showed a racist setting. This becomes clear with the help of different remarks. For example, he said once: „The white man has brought to the black man alcohol, drugs and homosexuality“. He changed his position officially when he confessed in 1975 to sunnitischen Islam.

Private lives

In 1964 he married the photo model Sonji Roi (* in 1946, † in 2005), only 41 days after he had got to know them 14th of August, 1964. Roi was converted before to Islam. The marriage held two years and was divorced in 1966 under the pressure of the leader of the „nation of Islam“ again. Reason was the too western setting of Sonji Roi in the eyes of the Islamic extremists. In 1967 Ali married his second Mrs. Belinda Boyd (* in 1950) with whom he has four of his nine children (Maryum, Muhammad junior, Rasheeda and Jamillah). In 1975 Ali von Belinda separated, after he already had several months a relation with Veronica Porche whom he married in 1977. Their common daughter Laila has also decided on a career as a professional boxer, nothing is known by the second daughter Hana.

In 1985 married Ali Lonnie William whom he already knew since his childhood (Ali was now and then her baby sitter) and together they adopted a child called Asaad. At that time his illness was progressed quite far.

Moreover, Muhammad Ali has another two other children from illegitimate relations.

Parkinson's illness

Datei:MuhammadAliundRonaldReagan.jpg
Muhammad Ali with US-president Ronald Reagan on the 24th of January, 1983

In 1982 the Parkinson's syndrome was diagnosed with Ali. Alis Erkrankung is often brought in connection with boxing, however, this was never booked. [13] [14] were hardly affected There his spiritual abilities, like in general with this illness, he took part furthermore worldwide in the public life and exerted himself for beneficent purposes., Among the rest, he was involved in the notification between the western ones and the Islamic world, possibly at negotiations for the release of hostages in Lebanon, or released in November, 1990 on the occasion of a visit with Saddam Hussein, whereupon these 15 „human shields“. In particular since the terrorist attacks from the 11th of September, 2001 he appears as an ambassador of his faith and emphatically the peaceful basic position of Islam.

Ali in popular culture and media

At the latest since middle of the 1970s Ali is known worldwide what affected at that time also the for example toys in German children's rooms. There were variations of the Big Jim dolls of Mattel (and Mego) with which the fights Alis could be adjusted against Foreman and Frazier. In the suitable comic series it came in 1978 even to the duel „superman versus Muhammad Ali“.

In 1977 became from Tom Gries and Monte Hellman rotated documentary film I am published the biggest.

Ali made jokes about his supposedly approaching comeback over and over again. When his former opponent George Foreman IN 1994 won a World Title sensational after 20 years again, 52-year-old Ali announced to want to hit the seven year younger Foreman once again like already in 1974. Irritated by the unexpected success Foremans newspapers brought this announcement really in the sports part instead of in the panorama.

In 1996 the documentary film When We Were Kings was finished by Leon Gast about the preparations of "Rumble in the Jungle" and the taken place concerts and was awarded with the Oscar for the best documentation. In 2001 Alis Lebensgeschichte was filmed under the title Ali by Michael Mann. The principal character wanting Smith was nominated for the Oscar, the title song The World's Greatest from R. Kelly became worldwide a hit.

In spring, 2004 Muhammad Ali was the star of an advertising campaign of sports article manufacturer's Adidas with which is impossible under the motto „nothing“ ("Impossible is nothing") various topical sportsmen appeared, under it also football star David Beckham. The commercial „The Long of run“ is based on pictures from When We Were Kings which were taken before the world championship fight in 1974 in Africa. Besides, Ali jogs at the break of dawn as a leader of a group of sports stars of the modern times who became electronically einkopiert.

In the second commercial Alis Tochter Laila lines up against her father, again einkopiert in old admissions.

Recognitions

Honourings

Literature

Filmographie

Single proofs

  1. ↑ a B „rasscass BIOGRAPHIES; Muhammad Ali“ article on Focus on-line.
  2. ↑ Muhammad Ali Artikel on Boxen-Sport.de.
  3. ↑ Biography for Muhammad Ali Artikel on the Internet Movie Database.
  4. ↑ a B „OOOPS!“ Article in Boxing Monthly.
  5. ↑ in the name of Allah, fruit juice Compassionate, fruit juice Merciful – Muhammad Ali, formerly Cassius Clay on the Internet archives
  6. ↑ a B David Remnick: "King of the World", p. 402.
  7. ↑ colour picture
  8. ↑ "No I'm not going 10,000 miles from home to help murder and burn another poor nation simply to continue the domination of white slave masters of the darker people the world over.", quotes after: David Zirin: Revolt of the Black athlete - The hidden history of Muhammad Ali In: Internationally Socialist Review Issue 33, January-February 2004, on-line
  9. ↑ When we were Kings, documentary film interpretation JanHam, edited by the seed JanHam
  10. ↑ Cf., e.g., Reemtsma: Muhammad Ali
  11. ↑ The Sweet Science (20th of February, 2005): The Joke That the alp east Ended Ali's Career
  12. ↑ FAZ.NET (15th of January, 2002): Muhammad Alis the most important life stations
  13. ↑, Nevertheless, no Parkinson by boxing?, article in Scinexx from the 31st of March, 2008.
  14. ↑ Ingo Neumayer: How dangerous is boxing for the health? Article on www.planet-wissen.de from the 1st of June, 2009.
  15. ↑ The Irish Times: Ali made Freeman of Ennis, 1st of September, 2009 (in English).

Web links

 Commons: Muhammad Ali – collection of pictures and/or videos and audiofiles
Wikiquote Wikiquote: Muhammad Ali – quotations
The Olympic rings
Olympic champion in the light heavy-weight (boxing)

1920: Edward Eagan | In 1924: Harry Mitchell | In 1928: Víctor Avendaño | In 1932: David Carstens | In 1936: Roger Michelot | In 1948: George Hunter | In 1952: Norvel Lee | In 1956: James Boyd | In 1960: Cassius Clay | In 1964: Cosimo Pinto | In 1968: Danas Pozniakas | In 1972: Mate Parlov | In 1976: Leon Spinks | In 1980: Slobodan Kačar | In 1984: Anton Josipovi ć | In 1988: Andrew Maynard | In 1992: Torsten May | In 1996: Wassili Schirow | In 2000: Alexander Lebsiak | In 2004: Andre Ward | In 2008: Zhang Xiaoping

List of the Olympic champions in the boxing

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Personal data
NAME Ali, Muhammad
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Clay, Cassius Marcellus
SHORT DESCRIPTION US-American boxer
DATE OF BIRTH 17th of January, 1942
BIRTHPLACE Louisville (Kentucky)

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